Biology Study Skill

To achieve biology concepts

• Term
• Process
• Diagrams
• Differences
• Experiment
• Graphic

1.0 Term
Write up biology terminology and concepts and review often. The more you review the more you' will remember. Words and symbols of biology have specific meanings. Write down all the words you do not know. Whenever possible write out the definitions in your own words. You are more likely to remember them that way. Saying it out loud and writing it up, you are more like to recall it later, when needed.

Term : example
1. Mitosis
A type of nuclear division which form two daughter cells each having the same number and kind of chromosome as parent cell
2. Cytokinesis
Division of the cytoplasm
3. Somatic cell
All the cell of an animal or plant than the reproductive cells
4. Reproductive cell
Cell that produce by reproductive organ such as sperm and ovum

2.0 Process (MPR)
— material
— procedure
— result

Explain the formation of faeces
M1: Undigested food enter the colon
M2: consists of a mixture of water/ fiber/ bacteria/ dead cells/ pigment
P1: move slowly along the colon by peristalsis
P2: water is reabsorb
R: to form faeces

3.0 Diagrams

Study all diagrams. They condense a lot of valuable information. The more you practice to draw a diagram the more you' will remember.

4.0 Differences
Describe in your own words the similarities and differences between the different concepts you are learning in table.

5.0 Experiment
Write up laboratory report for Paper 3 Biology SPM and for `PEKA BIOLOGY’ SPM as
— Problem statement
— Aim of investigation
— Hypothesis
— Variable
— Apparatus & Material
— Technique
— Procedure
— Presentation of data/Result
— Discussion ( only for practical report)
— Conclusion

6.0 Graphic
Make sure the basic knowledge for this graphic you can draw
— Pai chart
— Bar chart
— Histogram
— Line graph

CELL DIVISION

TERMINOLOGY

1. Mitosis
A type of nuclear division which form two daughter cells each having the same number
and kind of chromosome as parent cell

2. Cytokinesis
Division of the cytoplasm

3. Somatic cell
All the cell of an animal or plant than the reproductive cells

4. Reproductive cell
Cell that produce by reproductive organ such as sperm and ovum

5. Chromosome
A thread like structure composed of chromatin and carries genes in a linear sequence which determines the individual characteristics of an organism

6. Gene
A unit of inheritance composed of a sequence of nucleotides of DNA

7. DNA replication
The process whereby DNA makes exact copies of itself

8. Homologous chromosome
Chromosome having the same structural features

9. Diploid
Describing a nucleus, cell or organism with two sets of chromosome, one derived from female parent and the other from the male parent (2n)

10. Haploid
Describing a nucleus, cell or organism with a single set unpaired chromosomes (n)

11. Cloning
Process of producing clones or genetically identical organisms through asexual reproduction

12. Tissue Culture
The growth of tissues of living organism in a suitable and sterile culture medium, containing nutrients and growth hormone

13. Meiosis
Process of nuclear division that reduces the number of chromosomes in new cells to half the number of chromosomes in the parent cell

14. Synapsis
The close association between homologous chromosomes that develops during the first prophase of meiosis

15. Bivalent
The two chromosomes move together and an exact pairing of corresponding points.

16. Tetrad
Two homologous chromosomes that contain four chromatid

17. Crossing over
Non sister chromatids exchange segmen of DNA

18. Chiasmata
The points at which segments of chromatids cross over

MOVEMENT OF SUBSTANCE ACROSS THE PLASMA MEMBRANE

TERMINOLOGY
1. Simple diffusion
Movement of molecules or ions from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration

2. Osmosis
Movement of water molecules from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration through a semi-permeable membrane

3. Facilitated Diffusion
Movement of molecules or ions from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration and required carrier protein.

4. Active transport
Movement of molecules or ions from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration and required energy and carrier protein

5. Hypotonic solution
A solution that has a lower concentration of solute but higher concentration of water than another solution or cell

6. Hypertonic solution
A solution that has a higher concentration of solute but lower concentration of water than another solution or cell

7. Isotonic solution
A solution that has the same concentration of solute and the same concentration of water than another solution or cell

8. Osmotic pressure
Pressure in the solution depends on the concentration of particle/solute in the solution. Example: 80% of sucrose solution has higher osmotic pressure than 30% of sucrose solution

9. Lysis/ haemolysis
Destruction/ bursting of a living cell

10. Crenation
The shrinkage of cell that occurs when the surrounding solution is hypertonic to the cellular cytoplasm

11. Turgid
The condition in a plant cell when its vacuole is distended with water, pushing the protoplast against cell wall

12. Flaccid
Plant cell that has become soft and less rigid because the cytoplasm within its cells has shrunk and contracted away from the cell walls through loss of water

13. Plasmolysis
The loss of water by osmosis from a plant cell to the extent that the cytoplasm shrinks away from the cell wall.

14. Wilting
The condition that arises in plants when more water lost by evaporation than is absorbed from the soil