PHOTOSYNTHESIS

1.                  Photosynthesis

            The biochemical process through which light energy is absorbed by  chlorophyll
             to produce organic molecules from carbon dioxide and water.

2.            Light reaction

            The reaction which require the presence of light. Energy from sunlight is

            absorbed by chlorophyll and used to bring about the photolysis of water

           

3.         Dark reaction           

              The reaction cannot be sustained without ATP and hydrogen ion. During

            this reaction carbon dioxide is reduced to form carbohydrate.

           

4.         Photolysis of water   

            Light energy used to split water molecule to hydrogen ion and hydroxyl ion

           

5.         Limiting factor

            The factor that is  the furthest from its optimum level and is the one

            controlling the rate of the overall process

           

6.         Green houses

            The place to grow the plant under control light intensity, temperature and

            carbon dioxide

DIGESTION, ABSORPTION AND ASSIMILATION

1.                Digestion

          Process by which complex food substance are broken to

         simple and soluble food  molecules which can be

         absorbed and used by body cells

2.         Absorption

          The movement of simple and soluble food molecule across

         cell lining the small  intestine and then into the blood.

3.      Assimilation

          The process where the  nutrient that absorb in the ileum

          convert to the complex  compound and structural

          components.

BALANCED DIET

1. Balanced diet

The food that contain the major nutrients including carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, minerals, water and roughage or dietary fibre

2. Daily energy requirement

Energy needed to perform physical activities and sustain vital function such as heartbeat, breathing and for maintaining body temperature.

3. Energy value

The amount of heat generated from the combustion of one gram of food

4. Energy-providing organic molecules

Lipid, carbohydrates and proteins.

Chemical composition terminology

1. Element
A substance composed of only one kind of atom which cannot be
broken down into simpler substances by a chemical reaction

2. Organic compounds
Chemical compounds that contain the element carbon

3. Inorganic compounds
Chemical compounds that do not contain the element carbon

4. Carbohydrate
Any of a group of organic compounds based on the general formula
Cx(H2O)y.

5. Condensation
A chemical reaction in which two molecules combine to
form a larger molecule with the elimination of the small molecule
( such as water)

6. Hydrolysis
A reaction that involves the addition of water

7. Protein
Large complex organic molecules found in all living organisms

8. Lipid
Any of diverse group of organic compounds, occurring in
living organisms, that are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents.

9. Triglyceride
Is an that through the condensation of molecule of glycerol
and three molecules of fatty acids.

TRANSPORT TERMINOLOGY

1. Circulatory system

The heart, blood vessels, blood, lymphatic vessel and lymph, which together serve to transport materials throughout the body

2. Closed circulatory system

Blood flows under pressure through closed vessels in a continuous circuit around the body

3. Open circulatory system

Blood flows into the body cavity from the heart

4. Single closed circulatory system

Blood flows through the heart only once in a complete cycle

5. Double closed circulatory system

Blood flows through the heart twice in a complete cycle

6. Pulmonary circulatory system

Blood flows from the heart to the lung and from the lung to the heart

7. Systemic circulatory system

Blood flows from the heart to the body tissues and from the body tissues to the heart

8. Cardiovascular system

The system consisting of the heart, blood and blood vessel

Biology Study Skill

To achieve biology concepts

• Term
• Process
• Diagrams
• Differences
• Experiment
• Graphic

1.0 Term
Write up biology terminology and concepts and review often. The more you review the more you' will remember. Words and symbols of biology have specific meanings. Write down all the words you do not know. Whenever possible write out the definitions in your own words. You are more likely to remember them that way. Saying it out loud and writing it up, you are more like to recall it later, when needed.

Term : example
1. Mitosis
A type of nuclear division which form two daughter cells each having the same number and kind of chromosome as parent cell
2. Cytokinesis
Division of the cytoplasm
3. Somatic cell
All the cell of an animal or plant than the reproductive cells
4. Reproductive cell
Cell that produce by reproductive organ such as sperm and ovum

2.0 Process (MPR)
— material
— procedure
— result

Explain the formation of faeces
M1: Undigested food enter the colon
M2: consists of a mixture of water/ fiber/ bacteria/ dead cells/ pigment
P1: move slowly along the colon by peristalsis
P2: water is reabsorb
R: to form faeces

3.0 Diagrams

Study all diagrams. They condense a lot of valuable information. The more you practice to draw a diagram the more you' will remember.

4.0 Differences
Describe in your own words the similarities and differences between the different concepts you are learning in table.

5.0 Experiment
Write up laboratory report for Paper 3 Biology SPM and for `PEKA BIOLOGY’ SPM as
— Problem statement
— Aim of investigation
— Hypothesis
— Variable
— Apparatus & Material
— Technique
— Procedure
— Presentation of data/Result
— Discussion ( only for practical report)
— Conclusion

6.0 Graphic
Make sure the basic knowledge for this graphic you can draw
— Pai chart
— Bar chart
— Histogram
— Line graph

CELL DIVISION

TERMINOLOGY

1. Mitosis
A type of nuclear division which form two daughter cells each having the same number
and kind of chromosome as parent cell

2. Cytokinesis
Division of the cytoplasm

3. Somatic cell
All the cell of an animal or plant than the reproductive cells

4. Reproductive cell
Cell that produce by reproductive organ such as sperm and ovum

5. Chromosome
A thread like structure composed of chromatin and carries genes in a linear sequence which determines the individual characteristics of an organism

6. Gene
A unit of inheritance composed of a sequence of nucleotides of DNA

7. DNA replication
The process whereby DNA makes exact copies of itself

8. Homologous chromosome
Chromosome having the same structural features

9. Diploid
Describing a nucleus, cell or organism with two sets of chromosome, one derived from female parent and the other from the male parent (2n)

10. Haploid
Describing a nucleus, cell or organism with a single set unpaired chromosomes (n)

11. Cloning
Process of producing clones or genetically identical organisms through asexual reproduction

12. Tissue Culture
The growth of tissues of living organism in a suitable and sterile culture medium, containing nutrients and growth hormone

13. Meiosis
Process of nuclear division that reduces the number of chromosomes in new cells to half the number of chromosomes in the parent cell

14. Synapsis
The close association between homologous chromosomes that develops during the first prophase of meiosis

15. Bivalent
The two chromosomes move together and an exact pairing of corresponding points.

16. Tetrad
Two homologous chromosomes that contain four chromatid

17. Crossing over
Non sister chromatids exchange segmen of DNA

18. Chiasmata
The points at which segments of chromatids cross over